The Battle of Surabaya

The Battle of Surabaya, a significant event in the Indonesian National Revolution, took place between October and November 1945 in Surabaya, East Java. This confrontation was one of the first and most intense battles between Indonesian nationalists and Allied forces after World War II, and it played a crucial role in Indonesia's struggle for independence from Dutch colonial rule.

Background

End of Japanese Occupation

- **Japanese Surrender:** In August 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies, ending World War II. Indonesia, which had been under Japanese occupation since 1942, faced a power vacuum.

- **Proclamation of Independence:** On August 17, 1945, Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta proclaimed Indonesia's independence, but the Dutch, backed by the Allies, sought to reassert control.

Arrival of Allied Forces

- **Allied Mission:** The Allies, primarily British and Indian troops under Brigadier A.W.S. Mallaby, arrived in Indonesia to disarm Japanese troops and repatriate POWs. However, they were also perceived as supporting the return of Dutch colonial rule.

- **Tensions Rise:** Tensions escalated as the Allies and Indonesian nationalists clashed over control of Surabaya.

Key Events of the Battle

Prelude to Battle

- **Incident at Hotel Yamato:** On September 19, 1945, a violent confrontation occurred at the Hotel Yamato (now Hotel Majapahit) in Surabaya. Indonesian nationalists tore down the Dutch flag and replaced it with the Indonesian flag, symbolizing resistance against colonial rule.

- **Mallaby's Death:** On October 30, Brigadier Mallaby was killed under disputed circumstances during negotiations with Indonesian forces. His death further inflamed tensions.

Outbreak of Hostilities

- **British Ultimatum:** On November 9, Major General Robert Mansergh, who succeeded Mallaby, issued an ultimatum demanding the Indonesians surrender their weapons. The ultimatum was rejected, leading to a full-scale assault.

- **British Assault:** On November 10, British forces launched a massive attack on Surabaya, involving artillery, tanks, and air support.

The Battle

Fierce Fighting

- **Urban Warfare:** The battle saw intense urban warfare as British troops faced fierce resistance from Indonesian fighters. The Indonesians, including militias and irregular forces, employed guerrilla tactics and utilized their knowledge of the city's terrain.

- **Heavy Casualties:** The battle resulted in heavy casualties on both sides. Estimates suggest around 6,000 to 16,000 Indonesian fighters and civilians were killed, while the British and Indian forces suffered around 600 to 2,000 casualties.

Indonesian Resistance

- **Popular Support:** The battle galvanized Indonesian nationalists and garnered widespread support from the local population. The spirit of resistance and sacrifice became a symbol of the struggle for independence.

- **Indonesian Leadership:** Leaders like Bung Tomo played a significant role in rallying the fighters and maintaining morale. His impassioned speeches and broadcasts inspired many to continue the fight.

Aftermath and Significance

Tactical Defeat, Strategic Victory

- **British Control:** By late November, British forces had gained control of Surabaya, but the battle severely weakened their resolve and resources.

- **International Attention:** The Battle of Surabaya attracted international attention and highlighted the determination of the Indonesian people to achieve independence.

Legacy

- **National Heroism:** November 10 is commemorated as Heroes' Day (Hari Pahlawan) in Indonesia, honoring those who fought and died in the battle.

- **Independence Movement:** The battle significantly strengthened the Indonesian independence movement and set the stage for further struggles against Dutch attempts to reestablish colonial rule.

Conclusion

The Battle of Surabaya was a pivotal event in the Indonesian National Revolution, symbolizing the fierce determination and sacrifice of the Indonesian people in their fight for independence. While it resulted in a tactical defeat, the battle's impact on the broader struggle for Indonesian sovereignty was profound, ultimately contributing to the recognition of Indonesia's independence in 1949.